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  Global Telemetry Telemetry has come a long way from its early applications in space exploration to become an integral part of our daily lives. The ability to remotely collect measurements from sources around the world and transmit that data for monitoring and analysis has widespread applications across many industries. The Rise of the Internet of Things The growing connectivity brought about by advances in networking technologies has facilitated the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT). Billions of sensors embedded in devices from home appliances to industrial equipment are coming online. These IoT devices autonomously collect and share data through telemetry. This has enabled remote monitoring capabilities on an unprecedented scale. Consumer Telemetry In the consumer space, telemetry allows for innovative smart home applications. Fitness trackers, smartwatches and connected home devices use telemetry to track user activity and appliance usage. This data helps users monito...

Global Inhalable Drugs The use of inhalable drugs for medical and recreational purposes has been steadily increasing globally in recent years. Inhalable drugs are substances that can be inhaled through the nose or mouth in vapor or smoke form. Some of the major inhalable drugs that are widely used include marijuana, nicotine, and opioids. Rise of Medical Marijuana Medical marijuana has been legally used to treat various medical conditions like chronic pain, seizures, multiple sclerosis in many countries. An increasing number of nations are legalizing the medicinal use of marijuana as research continues to prove its medical benefits. Smoking or vaporizing marijuana allows for fast acting effects and easy dosage control which makes it an attractive option for medical patients. The rise of medical marijuana dispensaries and growing acceptance of its medical use has normalized the idea of inhaling substances for healthcare. E-cigarettes and Vaping on the Upswing Inhalable Drugs as s...

  Free Space Optics Communication Free space optics (FSO) or optical wireless technology has emerged as a viable solution for high-speed data communication over short-to-medium distances. Unlike traditional wired or wireless communication using radio signals, FSO establishes broadband connectivity through beams of infra-red or near-infra-red light transmitted through air, outer space or vacuum. How does FSO work? FSO systems use directional lasers or light emitting diodes (LEDs) to send modulated light beams through an optical path between a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter encodes data onto an infrared optical carrier signal and directs it to the receiver using transceivers and precision optical tools. The receiver then decodes the signal and translates it into an electrical signal. For accurate transmission, the transmitter and receiver have to be carefully aligned and have clear visibility or line-of-sight between them. Any obstruction or scattering of the opti...

Food Safety Products and Testing Food safety has become a major concern around the world due to the increased incidence of foodborne illnesses. Proper testing and use of food safety products are crucial to ensure the supply of safe food. Food Safety Products A wide range of products have been developed by companies to assist food businesses in ensuring food safety. Some of the major food safety products include: Temperature Monitoring Devices Maintaining proper cold chain is one of the most important factors in food safety. Temperature monitoring devices like data loggers help track temperatures of refrigerators, freezers and food transport vehicles in real-time. These devices send alerts if the temperatures go outside the safe limits to prevent microbiological growth. Surface Cleaners and Disinfectants Strong cleaning agents and EPA-approved disinfectants are used to sanitize surfaces that come in contact with food like countertops, utensils, food processing equipment etc und...

  Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, commonly known as ELISA, is a widely used analytical biochemistry technique used primarily to detect the presence of a substance in a liquid sample. Since its development in the 1970s, the ELISA technique has revolutionized biomedical research and diagnostics due to its high sensitivity and specificity. What is ELISA? ELISA is an antibody-based biochemical technique used to detect the presence of antigens or antibodies in a liquid sample using a colorimetric technique. The word ‘enzyme’ refers to the use of an enzyme conjugate as a marker to trace the antibody or antigen. ‘Linked’ implies the linking or attachment of the enzyme to the antibody or antigen. ‘Immunosorbent’ denotes that an immunological reaction, in the form of antigen-antibody binding takes place between immobilized capture antibodies on the solid support and the antigen or antibodies in the fluid phase. The addition of substrate to the en...

  Energy Harvesting Systems Energy harvesting systems have gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing demand for small, portable and sustainable power sources. These systems offer a promising solution for powering small electronic devices in applications where battery replacement is not feasible. By scavenging ambient energy from various sources in the surrounding environment, energy harvesting systems provide a viable alternative to conventional battery powered systems. What is Energy Harvesting? Energy harvesting, also known as power harvesting or ambient power harvesting, refers to the process of capturing and storing energy from external sources in the natural environment such as sunlight, thermal energy, motion/vibrations and electromagnetic waves. The captured energy is then converted into usable electric power that can be used to power small electronic devices. Energy harvesting systems address several challenges faced by traditional battery-powered...

  Electroencephalograph Electroencephalography or EEG is a neurodiagnostic medical test that monitors and records the electrical activity in the brain. By placing electrodes on the scalp, EEG detects post-synaptic potentials of pyramidal neural cell assemblies within the cerebral cortex. These results are recorded and can be interpreted to evaluate the state of the patient's brain and diagnose problems related to neurology such as seizures and epilepsy. History and Development The foundations of EEG were laid in the late 19th century by scientists like Richard Caton and Polish physiologist Edward Flatau. However, it was German psychiatrist and physician Hans Berger who is credited with developing the first human electroencephalogram in 1924. He discovered that it is possible to trace brain electrical signals by placing electrodes on the scalp and amplifying the tiny signals recorded. The invention of new technologies like amplifiers, filters, software that analyzes brainwaves ...

electric vehicles The automotive industry is steadily transitioning towards electric vehicles (EVs) as concerns over pollution and climate change continue to rise globally. With more automakers committing to electrifying their lineups, the electric vehicle is projected to grow exponentially in the coming years. However, one critical piece of infrastructure needs to catch up for widespread EV adoption - electric vehicle chargers. Types of EV Chargers There are primarily three types of electric vehicle chargers differentiated by power output and charging speed - Level 1, Level 2 and DC Fast Chargers. Level 1 Chargers: Level 1 chargers are the slowest delivering power at 1.4-1.9 kW using a standard 120V outlet. A Level 1 charger can add around 4-5 miles of range per hour of charging for most EVs. They are mostly used for residential overnight charging. Level 2 Chargers: Level 2 chargers provide higher powered charging at 208-240V and deliver power between 7-19 kW. Using a Level 2...

  Electric Motors  Electric motors have become an integral part of our daily lives yet few understand the technology that powers these machines. A Brief History The basic principles behind the electric motor have existed since the early 19th century when savants like Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry began experimenting with electric currents interacting with magnetic fields. In 1821, Thomas Davenport built the first working electric motor though it was not very practical. The invention of the dynamo in the 1860s and 70s allowed electricity generation on a large scale paving the way for electric motors to become a viable technology. In 1882, Nikola Tesla designed and built the first practical AC motor which soon became the dominant design over DC motors due to its ability to operate on alternating currents. Throughout the late 19th and early 20th century, advancements in materials science and electromagnetism allowed motors to become smaller, stronger, and more efficient...

  Offshore Pipelines As energy demands continue to rise globally, offshore oil and gas reserves located deep beneath the ocean floors are playing an increasingly important role in meeting these demands. However, transporting the hydrocarbons extracted from these offshore reservoirs to onshore processing facilities presents unique engineering challenges due to the harsh ocean environment. Offshore pipelines have emerged as the primary means for transporting oil and gas resources from offshore platforms to land, and require sophisticated design and installation methods to withstand the forces of nature. Designing Pipelines to Withstand Ocean Conditions Offshore pipelines must be engineered to withstand a variety of potential stresses from ocean currents, waves, erosion, and marine wildlife. Special high-grade steel pipe is commonly used that is both resilient and corrosion resistant. To protect against external corrosion and abrasion from sand and ocean sediments, pipelines are o...

  Photodiode Sensors A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into an electrical current. They are commonly used for light sensing applications in electronics like photocopiers, laser printers, optical fiber, smartphones etc. Working Principle When light reaches a photodiode, photons are absorbed in the depletion region of the p-n junction, generating electron-hole pairs. The electrons and holes get separated by the built-in electric field of the junction and produce a photocurrent that flows through the external circuit. The amount of photocurrent generated depends on the intensity of light shining on the photodiode. More intense light results in more photons being absorbed and more electron-hole pairs. This photocurrent can then be measured or used to trigger other electronic components or processes. Types of Photodiodes There are different types of photodiodes used depending on application requirements like wavelength response, speed, packaging etc. ...

  Offshore Patrol Vessels With the increasing importance of maritime security on the global stage, offshore patrol vessels (OPVs) have become a crucial asset for nations seeking to protect their coastal waters and offshore assets. From combating piracy and illegal fishing to conducting search and rescue operations, OPVs play a vital role in ensuring security on the high seas. The Evolution of OPV Design OPVs have come a long way from their origins as small gunboats designed mainly for coastal defense. Modern OPV designs integrate advanced technologies that allow them to operate independently for extended periods far from shore. Some key developments in OPV design include: - Increased Size and Endurance: Modern OPVs are typically between 50-100 meters long, large enough to accommodate crews of 30-50 for weeks or months at a time. Additional fuel and freshwater capacity allows patrol ranges measured in thousands rather than hundreds of miles. - Multi-Mission Flexibility: Mode...

  Nutritional Yeast Nutritional yeast is an inactive yeast that is sometimes called "nooch" by vegans and vegetarians. It is grown in tanks and harvested right before it grows into active yeast. Nutritional yeast has a mellow, nutty, cheese-like flavor and is commonly used as a condiment, similar to the way one would use Parmesan cheese. It adds a savory taste to foods and is a great substitute for those looking to reduce or eliminate dairy. Nutritional Profile of Nutritional Yeast Nutritional yeast is packed with vitamins and minerals that make it an excellent nutritional supplement. Some of the key nutrients found in nutritional yeast include: - Protein: One tablespoon contains approximately 4 grams of protein. It is considered a complete protein as it contains all essential amino acids. - B-vitamins: Nutritional Yeast is rich in numerous B vitamins including riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (HCL) (B6), folate, and cobalamin (B12). It contains 25-50% of the...

  Nutraceutical Excipients Nutraceuticals are fast becoming a popular way for consumers to maintain health and wellness. However, behind every nutraceutical supplement is an important supporting component - the excipients. What are Excipients? An excipient is any component of a medication or supplement other than the therapeutically active ingredient. Across both pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products, excipients are vital functional agents that allow for proper administration, delivery, stability and tolerability. Common excipients include things like fillers, binders, stabilizers, disintegrants and lubricants. Proper selection and formulation of excipients is crucial to maximize the effectiveness and safety of any supplement. Ensuring Bioavailability and Absorption One of the primary roles of excipients is to facilitate the delivery and absorption of active ingredients once ingested. For example, certain prebiotic fibers can be used as excipients to enhance the solubili...